Shabbat daf 4

Shabbat 4a-b - Is it forbidden to throw on Shabbat?


We have already learned in the Mishnah that transferring an object from a public domain to a private domain is  forbidden on Shabbat. Carrying within a private domain is permitted. What if an object remains in a private domain and simply travels through a public domain?

The Gemara teaches: One who throws an object from the private domain to the other private domain and there is the public domain in the middle, Rabbi Akiva feels that he is liable for carrying out into the public domain, and the Rabbis deem him exempt because the object merely passed through the public domain and did not come to rest in it.

In explanation of Rabbi Akiva's position, the Gemara introduces the idea of kelutah me-mi she-hunhah damiah - that an object in airspace is considered at rest. It is possible to identify two fundamental approaches in clarifying the essence of the halakhic principle that an object in airspace is considered at rest.

According to Rashi and Rabbeinu Chananel, an object passing through airspace of a certain domain is considered as if it were placed on the ground of that domain. In the Jerusalem Talmud, on the other hand, this phrase was understood to mean that all the airspace in a certain domain is considered as if it were solid matter upon which the objects rest.

The principle was formulated: The air within the partitions is like its substance, i.e., it is viewed as being like the ground beneath it. According to Rabbi Akiva's opinion, an object that passed, even briefly, through the airspace of the public domain is considered as if it came to rest in that domain.

Therefore, one who threw the object has, for all intents and purposes, lifted the object from the private domain and placed it in the public domain, and he is liable.